|
The 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, commonly referred to as the British Light Fleet Carrier, was a light aircraft carrier design created by the Royal Navy during World War II, and used by eight naval forces between 1944 and 2001. They were designed and constructed by civilian shipyards to serve as an intermediate step between the expensive, full-size fleet aircraft carriers and the less expensive but limited-capability escort carriers. Sixteen Light Fleet carriers were ordered, and all were laid down to the ''Colossus'' class design during 1942 and 1943. However, only eight were completed to this design; of these, four entered service before the end of the war, and none saw front line operations. Two more were fitted with maintenance and repair facilities instead of aircraft catapults and arresting gear, and entered service as aircraft maintenance carriers. The final six were modified during construction to handle larger and faster aircraft, and were redesignated the ''Majestic'' class. The construction of the six ships was suspended at the end of the war. Five were eventually completed with the last commissioning in 1961, however the sixth, ''Leviathan'', was dismantled for spare parts and scrap. Although not completed in time to fight in World War II, the carriers in Royal Navy service participated in the Korean War and the Suez Crisis. During the latter, two ''Colossus''-class ships performed the first ship-based helicopter assault in history. Four ''Colossus''es and all five completed ''Majestic''s were loaned or sold to seven foreign nations - Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, India, and the Netherlands - with three ships serving in three different naval forces during their careers. Foreign-operated Light Fleets took part in the Korean War, the First Indochina War, the Vietnam War, the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, and the Falklands War. Despite being intended as 'disposable warships', all of the completed Light Fleet carriers exceeded their planned three-year service life. The maintenance carriers were the first to be paid off in the 1950s, and by the 1960s, all of the Royal Navy carriers, (bar , which was later recommissioned as a repair ship) had been sold to other nations or for ship breaking. The carriers in other navies had longer service lives. At the time of her decommissioning in 2001, ''Minas Gerais'' was the oldest active aircraft carrier in the world. Despite attempts to preserve several Light Fleets as museum ships, the last surviving example, , was sold for scrapping in 2014. ==Design and construction== Experiences during the early part of World War II had demonstrated to the British that the Royal Navy needed access to defensive air cover for Allied fleets and convoys, which could only be provided by more aircraft carriers.〔Robbins, ''The Aircraft Carrier Story'', p. 91〕〔Ireland, ''Aircraft Carriers of the World'', p. 172〕 In mid-1941, the Director of Naval Construction was instructed to investigate how best to achieve this without the lengthy construction times normally associated with carriers.〔 The options were to refit the surviving ''Hawkins''-class cruisers with flight decks and aviation facilities, convert additional merchant vessels and passenger liners into vessels similar to but more capable than previous merchant aircraft carriers, or create a new design for a cheap, lightly armed, and unarmoured ship similar to the Woolworth carriers.〔 In December 1941, it was decided that a new design was the best option.〔 This ship was conceived as an intermediate step between the expensive fleet carriers and the limited-capability escort carriers.〔 The design had to be as simple as possible so construction time was kept to a minimum and so more shipyards (particularly those with no naval construction experience) could be used.〔〔 However, the ships had to be capable of operating in fleet actions.〔Preston, ''Aircraft Carriers'', p. 142〕 Originally designated the 'Intermediate Aircraft Carrier', the ships were reclassified as 'Light Fleet Carriers'.〔Konstam, ''British Aircraft Carriers 1939-45'', p. 24〕 Because naval design staff were overworked, the carrier was primarily designed by shipbuilders at Vickers-Armstrong.〔 The Light Fleet design, completed at the start of 1942, was effectively a scaled-down ''Illustrious''.〔〔 Each carrier would displace 13,190 tons at standard load and 18,040 tons at full load, have a length of at the flight deck and overall, a maximum beam of , and a draught of at standard displacement, and at full load displacement.〔 The hull was built to Lloyd's specifications for merchant vessels from keel to maindeck, but incorporated better subdivision of compartments to reduce secondary damage by flooding.〔〔Blackman (ed.), ''Jane's Fighting Ships (1968–69)'', p. 313〕 The propulsion machinery was of a similar design to that used in cruisers—some of the steam turbines were sourced from cancelled cruisers.〔Harding, ''The Royal Navy 1930-2000'', pp. 79-80〕 The machinery was arranged in two compartments (each containing two Admiralty 3-drum boilers and a Parsons geared turbine), which were staggered ''en echelon'', with the starboard compartment forward of the port.〔 These provided 40,000 shaft horsepower to two propeller shafts, driving the carriers at a maximum speed of , with as the designated economical speed.〔 The carriers were intended to be 'disposable warships': to be scrapped and replaced at the end of World War II or within three years of entering service.〔Hobbs, in ''The Navy and the Nation'', p. 217〕 However, all exceeded this planned service life, with one ship operating from 1945 to 2001.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|